The HPH process is effective in controlling BCNs film porosity level. The research showed that the effect of HPH cycle on BCNs resulted in the highest film tensile strength by 109.15 MPa with the lowest surface roughness (Ra) of 0.93 ± 0.10 µm at 10 cycles. The BCNs films were then formed through the casting process and drying in the oven at 60☌ for 8 h followed by structural, morphological, and optical properties investigation using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer along with BCNs films porosity, tensile and roughness test.
xylinum) was extracted, followed by crushing the pellicle with a high-speed blender, thereafter, homogenized using HPH at 150 bar pressure with variations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cycles. To prepare BCNs films, a pellicle from the fermentation of pineapple peels waste with Acetobacter xylinum (A. This research aimed to find out the effects of repetition cycles on HPH process towards BCNs film characteristics. One of several means to engineer the microstructure is by changing the BCNs size and fiber distribution through a high-pressure homo-genizer (HPH) process. The microstructure of bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNs) film affects its characteristic. environmental applications, optoelectronic and conductive devices, food ingredients and packaging, biomedicine, and 3D printing technology. The aim of this review is to give insight into the production of BC using agro-wastes and an overview of the most interesting and novel applications of this biopolymer in different areas i.e. Their composition can vary depending on the type of agricultural activity and harvesting conditions, but these residues are suitable for the production of BC. Agricultural wastes are defined as the residues from the growing and processing of raw agricultural products such as crops, fruits, vegetables and dairy products. However, one of the major challenges to address in bacterium-derived polymer technology is to find suitable carbon sources as substrates that are cheap and do not compete with food production for achieving large scale industrial applications. BC can be obtained in different shapes and is easily modified by chemical and physical means, so its applications in the production of new materials and nanocomposites for different purposes have been in the focus of many research projects. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a polymer with interesting conformation and properties.
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